Thomas Kuhn Quotes & Sayings

What chemists took from Dalton was not new experimental laws but a new way of practicing chemistry (he himself called it the 'new system of chemical philosophy'), and this proved so rapidly fruitful that only a few of the older chemists in France and Britain were able to resist it. — Thomas Kuhn

Research under a paradigm must be a particularly effective way of inducing paradigm change. — Thomas Kuhn

We see the world in terms of our theories. — Thomas Kuhn

Discovery commences with the awareness of anomaly, i.e. with the recognition that nature has somehow violated the paradigm-induced expectations that govern normal science. It then continues with a more or less extended exploration of the area of anomaly. And it closes only when the paradigm theory has been adjusted so that the anomalous has become the expected. — Thomas Kuhn

What a man sees depends both upon what he looks at and also upon what his previous visual-conceptual experience has taught him to see. — Thomas Kuhn

Normal science does not aim at novelties of fact or theory and, when successful, finds none. — Thomas Kuhn

All significant breakthroughs are break -"withs" old ways of thinking. — Thomas Kuhn

Each paradigm will be shown to satisfy more or less the criteria that it dictates for itself and to fall short of a few of those dictated by its opponent. — Thomas Kuhn

Communication across the revolutionary divide is inevitably partial. — Thomas Kuhn

History, if viewed as a repository for more than anecdote or chronology, could produce a decisive transformation in the image of science by which we are now possessed. — Thomas Kuhn

It is, I think, particularly in periods of acknowledged crisis that scientists have turned to philosophical analysis as a device for unlocking the riddles of their field. Scientists have not generally needed or wanted to be philosophers. — Thomas Kuhn

Concerned to reconstruct past ideas, historians must approach the generation that held them as the anthropologist approaches an alien culture. They must, that is, be prepared at the start to find that natives speak a different language and map experience into different categories from those they themselves bring from home. And they must take as their object the discovery of those categories and the assimilation of the corresponding language. — Thomas Kuhn

We may ... have to relinquish the notion, explicit or implicit, that changes of paradigm carry scientists and those who learn from them closer and closer to the truth ... The developmental process described in this essay has been a process of evolution from primitive beginnings-a process whose successive stages are characterized by an increasingly detailed and refined understanding of nature. But nothing that has been or will be said makes it a process of evolution toward anything. — Thomas Kuhn

All crises begin with the blurring of a paradigm and the consequent loosening of the rules for normal research.. Or finally, the case that will most concern us here, a crisis may end with the emergence of a new candidate for paradigm and with the ensuing battle over its acceptance. — Thomas Kuhn

The crises of our time, it becomes increasingly clear, are the necessary impetus for the revolution now under way. And once we understand nature's transformative powers, we see that it is our powerful ally, not a force to feared our subdued. — Thomas Kuhn

'Normal science' means research firmly based upon one or more past scientific achievements, achievements that some particular scientific community acknowledges for a time as supplying the foundation for its further practice. — Thomas Kuhn

Crisis alone is not enough. There must also be a basis, though it need be neither rational nor ultimately correct, for faith in the particular candidate chosen. — Thomas Kuhn

Probably, the single most prevalent claim advanced by the proponents of a new paradigm is that they can solve the problems that led the old one to a crisis.. — Thomas Kuhn

Literally as well as metaphorically, the man accustomed to inverting lenses has undergone a revolutionary transformation of vision. — Thomas Kuhn

Political revolutions aim to change political institutions in ways that those institutions themselves prohibit. Their success therefore necessitates the partial relinquishment of one set of institutions in favor of another, and in the interim, society is not fully governed by institutions at all — Thomas Kuhn

To turn Karl [Popper]'s view on its head, it is precisely the abandonment of critical discourse that marks the transition of science. Once a field has made the transition, critical discourse recurs only at moments of crisis when the bases of the field are again in jeopardy. Only when they must choose between competing theories do scientists behave like philosophers. — Thomas Kuhn

No part of the aim of normal science is to call forth new sorts of phenomena; indeed those that will not fit the box are often not seen at all. Nor do scientists normally aim to invent new theories, and they are often intolerant of those invented by others. — Thomas Kuhn

Far from being magisterial in its objectivity, science was conditioned by history, society, and the prejudices of scientists. — Thomas Kuhn

The answers you get depend upon the questions you ask. — Thomas Kuhn

Though the world does not change with a change of paradigm, the scientist afterward works in a different world ... I am convinced that we must learn to make sense of statements that at least resemble these. What occurs during a scientific revolution is not fully reducible to a re-interpretation of individual and stable data. In the first place, the data are not unequivocally stable. — Thomas Kuhn

The resolution of revolutions is selection by conflict within the scientific community of the fittest way to practice future science. The net result of a sequence of such revolutionary selections, separated by periods of normal research, is the wonderfully adapted set of instruments we call modern scientific knowledge. — Thomas Kuhn

In science novelty emerges only with difficulty, manifested by resistance, against a background provided by expectation. — Thomas Kuhn

Groups do not have experiences except insofar as all their members do. And there are no experiences ... that all the members of a scientific community must share in the course of a [scientific] revolution. Revolutions should be described not in terms of group experience but in terms of the varied experiences of individual group members. Indeed, that variety itself turns out to play an essential role in the evolution of scientific knowledge. — Thomas Kuhn

The historian of science may be tempted to exclaim that when paradigms change, the world itself changes with them. — Thomas Kuhn

Later scientific theories are better than earlier ones for solving puzzles in the often quite different environments to which they are applied. That is not a relativist's position, and it displays the sense in which I am a convinced believer in scientific progress. — Thomas Kuhn

Philosophers of science have repeatedly demonstrated that more than one theoretical construction can always be placed upon a given collection of data. — Thomas Kuhn

Rather than being an interpreter, the scientist who embraces a new paradigm is like the man wearing inverting lenses. — Thomas Kuhn

The transition between competing paradigms cannot be made a step at a time, forced by logic and neutral experience. Like the gestalt switch, it must occur all at once (though not necessarily in an instant) or not at all. — Thomas Kuhn